Origin and Evolution of the Light Nuclides

After a short historical (and highly subjective) introduction to the field, I discuss our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the light nuclides D, ³He, ⁴He, ⁶Li, ⁷Li, ⁹Be, ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. Despite considerable observational and theoretical progress, important uncertainties still persist for each and every one of those nuclides. The present-day abundance of D in the local interstellar medium is currently uncertain, making it difficult to infer the recent chemical evolution of the solar neighborhood. To account for the observed quasi-constancy of ³He abundance from the Big Bang to our days, the stellar production of that nuclide must be negligible; however, the scarce observations of its abundance in planetary nebulae seem to contradict this idea. The observed Be and B evolution as primaries suggests that the source composition of cosmic rays has remained ∼constant since the early days of the Galaxy, a suggestion with far reaching implications for the origin of cosmic rays; however, the main idea proposed to account for that constancy, namely that superbubbles are at the source of cosmic rays, encounters some serious difficulties. The best explanation for the mismatch between primordial Li and the observed “Spite-plateau” in halo stars appears to be depletion of Li in stellar envelopes, by some yet poorly understood mechanism. But this explanation impacts on the level of the recently discovered early “⁶Li plateau”, which (if confirmed), seriously challenges current ideas of cosmic ray nucleosynthesis.     

碳布缝合预制体孔隙与热解碳沉积时变相依的多尺度研究

以甲烷为前驱体,碳布缝合织物为预制体,采用等温化学气相渗透(ICVI)工艺,在1 368 K温度和1 s滞留时间下制备了C/C复合材料。采用压汞仪表征不同致密化时间下预制体的孔隙分布,采用偏光显微镜观察热解碳的结构。结果表明:预制体的孔隙分布呈现多峰分布,热解碳的沉积速率与[A/V]值成反比,热解碳的结构与预制体的比表面积相关,沉积初期比表面积较大时,得到的热解碳织构为各相同性和低织构热解碳,随着沉积的进行,比表面积逐渐减小,在纤维束的边沿等部位出现了高织构热解碳。     

First results of PRECISE—Development of a MEMS-based monopropellant micro chemical propulsion system

PRECISE focuses on the research and development of a MEMS-based monopropellant micro chemical propulsion system for highly accurate attitude control of satellites. The availability of such propulsion systems forms the basis for defining new mission concepts such as formation flying and rendezvous manoeuvres. These concepts require propulsion systems for precise attitude and orbit control manoeuvrability. Application-oriented aspects are addressed by two end-users who are planning a formation flying mission for which the propulsion system is crucial. Basic research is conducted aiming at improving crucial MEMS technologies required for the propulsion system. Research and development also focuses on the efficiency and reliability of critical system components. System analysis tools are enhanced to complement the development stages. Finally, the propulsion system will be tested in a simulated space vacuum environment. These experiments will deliver data for the validation of the numerical models.     

中层顶区钠层化学反应寿命的初步研究

利用本征值和本征矢量的分析方法，对钠层的光化学反应的寿命进行了研究，结果表明，利用该方法计算出的钠原子的化学寿命与传统理论有所不同．从而证明了在中层顶区，钠层的中上部的扰动主要受大气动力学过程的影响，钠层底部主要由光化学控制．这为利用钠层作为示踪剂研究中层顶大气动力学的理论提供了理论依据．     

ZGCr17Ni4Cu3钢的工艺特性及性能研究

本文对ZGCr17Ni4Cu3铸造不锈钢的化学成分和熔炼、铸造、热处理和焊接工艺进行了探讨。对其显微结构和机械性能进行了分析。用该钢生产的发动机零件经受了长期考验,证明该钢的生产工艺是成功的。     

美国宪法中的“贸易条款”

从1787年美国宪法制定至今已有200多年，这部牛车时代制定的不过8000字的宪法修改很少，却能够适应逐步形成的现代工业社会的需要，主要原因是宪法中的某些重要措辞如“贸易条款”、“必要与适当”、“正当程序”及“诚实信用”等极富弹性。美国宪法第1和第8款第3项的“贸易条款”最集中地体现了它的价值。因此，了解美国宪法中的“贸易条款”对于认识美国宪法和法律具有重要意义。     

宁强碳质球粒陨石基质及暗色边化学成份研究

采用仪器中子活化方法分析了宁强碳质球粒陨石基质及暗色边化学成份。结果表明,宁强陨石的基质比全岩富集轻稀土和亲硫元素,并大致具有与Allende陨石基质相似的稀土特征。暗色边与陨石基质的差别在于:前者富FeO而贫难熔元素。推测陨石基质与暗色边物质来源于太阳星云不同区域。与形成暗色边有关的突发性事件可能曾多次在太阳星云的不同区域中发生。     

化学反应动力学对超声速燃烧的影响

非平衡化学反应是超声速燃烧中非常重要的过程,其反应动力学模拟直接影响其内部温度分布。针对某支板氢燃料超声速燃烧室,分别采用了单步化学反应动力学、7组分8步反应和9组分19步反应动力学模型,对比了燃烧反应速率、内部温度场和速度场的分布。结果表明,采用详细化学反应动力学,燃烧热释放缓慢,在流场中下游自由基参与反应,其温度场与试验值吻合更好。     

等离子喷涂工艺参数对GdPO4热障涂层组织结构和结合强度的影响

随着航空发动机涡轮进口温度提升,目前最广泛使用的Y₂O₃部分稳定ZrO₂(YSZ)热障涂层(TBCs)已难以满足需求,亟须发展新一代超高温TBCs。GdPO₄是一种极具应用前景的TBCs材料。本工作采用等离子喷涂方法制备GdPO₄/YSZ双陶瓷层结构TBCs,研究喷涂工艺参数特别是喷涂功率对GdPO₄陶瓷涂层相组成、表面形貌、微观结构以及结合强度的影响。结果表明:等离子喷涂GdPO₄过程中会有元素P损耗,得到的涂层除了GdPO₄外,还有一些Gd₃PO₇相;随着喷涂功率降低,Gd₃PO₇相含量减少;GdPO₄陶瓷涂层的主体结构由充分熔融的喷涂粒子堆垛构成,其中镶嵌有未熔化粒子构成的微区;随着喷涂功率降低,未熔化微区增多,涂层厚度降低;GdPO₄/YSZ TBCs的结合强度随喷涂功率降低而减小,主要是由于未熔化微区增多降低了涂层的内聚力;因此,低喷涂功率不利于涂层的结合强度。     

过氧化氢引发聚合的端羟基聚丁二烯活性羟基含量的测定

应用化学反应动力学原理,测定过氧化氢引发聚合的端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)活性羟基的含量.测定结果与国外报导的核磁共振(NMR)测定同类产品的结果相近。该方法具有操作简便,再现精度好的优点.